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Duan Pidi ( 312–321Emperor Yuan's biography in Book of Jin recorded that Duan was captured by Shi Le on the xinhai day of the 4th month of the 4th year of the Da'xing era, which corresponds to 4 Jun 321 in the Julian calendar. The term "经年" used in Duan's biography in Book of Jin is ambiguous, and can mean anything from within a year to within a few years.) was a Duan tribe-Xianbei chieftain during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the brother of chieftain Duan Jilujuan, and served as his general in the Jin's war with the Han-Zhao state. After Jilujuan made peace with Han in 313, Pidi led his branch of the tribe to continue fighting Han from Jicheng. Pidi became the most powerful Jin vassal in the north, but his decision to kill his ally, Liu Kun and a civil war with his cousin, Duan Mopei severely weakened him. In 319, he was forced to flee to another Jin vassal, Shao Xu. He was eventually captured by the Later Zhao in 321, and despite receiving favourable treatment from its ruler, Shi Le, he would later be executed in fear he would rebel.
Duan Pidi participated during Jilujuan's attack on Xiangguo in 312, as part of Wang Jun's plan to divert the Han general, Shi Le, away from the rebelling city of Yuanxiang (苑鄕, in present-day Hebei and Beijing). The Duan forces fought Shi Le at Xiangguo but their star general, Pidi's cousin, Duan Mopei, was captured in battle. Despite being a prisoner, Mopei was treated with courtesy by Shi Le, which pleased Jilujuan. Because of this, the Duan tribe ceased their enmity with Shi Le and distanced themselves from Wang Jun.(王浚使棗嵩督諸軍屯易水，召段疾陸眷，欲與之共擊石勒，疾陸眷不至。浚怒，以重幣賂拓跋猗盧，幷檄慕容廆等共討疾陸眷。猗盧遣右賢王六脩將兵會之，爲疾陸眷所敗。廆遣慕容翰攻段氏，取徒河、新城，至陽樂，聞六脩敗而還，翰因留鎭徒河，壁青山。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
Wang Jun was captured and executed by Shi Le in 314. After Wang's defeat, Shi Le appointed a man named Liu Han (劉翰) to be acting Inspector of Youzhou based in Jicheng. However, Liu Han instead fled to Duan Pidi, who he offered control over Jicheng. Pidi accepted on his own accord before occupying the city and submitting himself to Sima Rui, the paramount leader of the Jin in the south.(劉翰不欲從石勒，乃歸段匹磾，匹磾遂據薊城。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89 For this, Sima Rui made Pidi Jin's new Inspector of Youzhou. Pidi also urged Shi Le's Administrator of Laoling, Shao Xu, to submit to the Jin prince as well. Shao Xu did so, and Shi Le immediately responded by sending his army to besiege him. However, Pidi sent Duan Wenyang to reinforce Shao Xu, so Shi Le called off his attack.(會段匹磾以書邀續同歸左丞相睿，續從之。其人皆曰：「今棄勒歸匹磾，其如乂何？」續泣曰：「我豈得顧子而爲叛臣哉！」殺異議者數人。勒聞之，殺乂。續遣劉胤使江東，睿以胤爲參軍，以續爲平原太守。石勒遣兵圍續，匹磾使其弟文鴦救之，勒引去。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
The next year, Pidi and Liu Kun swore an oath of alliance by smearing their lips with blood. Afterwards, they sent their respective envoys to deliver a joint petition urging Sima Rui to claim the imperial title. Liu Kun chose his nephew Wen Jiao to deliver the petition, while Pidi chose his Chief Clerk of the Left, Rong Shao (榮卲). After their envoys reached the southern capital, Pidi proclaimed Liu Kun as Grand Commander. He also later tried to get Jilujuan to join forces with him in a campaign against Shi Le. However, Duan Mopei advised Jilujuan against agreeing with Pidi, so Jilujuan did not respond, and Pidi had to cancel the campaign.(建武初，匹磾推劉琨為大都督，結盟討勒，並檄涉復辰、疾陸眷、末杯等三面俱集襄國，琨、匹磾進屯固安，以候眾軍。勒懼，遣間使厚賂末杯。然末杯既思報其舊恩，且因匹磾在外，欲襲奪其國，乃間匹磾於涉復辰、疾陸眷曰：「以父兄而從子弟邪？雖一旦有功，匹磾獨收之矣。」涉復辰等以為然，引軍而還。匹磾亦止。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
Mopei treated Liu Qun well and considered supporting Liu Kun into becoming the new Inspector of Youzhou. He had Liu Qun write a letter to his father asking him to work as an agent within Pidi's camp, but his envoy was caught by Pidi's scouts along the way. Liu Kun knew nothing of the letter when Pidi confronted him with it. Pidi did not suspect Liu Kun, and Liu Kun himself assured him that he had no intentions to betray Pidi. Pidi let him off at first, but his younger brother, Duan Shujun (段叔軍), was able to get his brother to reconsider his actions.(匹磾奔其兄喪，琨遣世子群送之，而末波率眾要擊匹磾而敗走之，群爲末波所得。末波厚禮之，許以琨爲幽州刺史，共結盟而襲匹磾，密遣使齎群書請琨爲內應，而爲匹磾邏騎所得。時琨別屯故征北府小城，不之知也。因來見匹磾，匹磾以群書示琨曰：「意亦不疑公，是以白公耳。」琨曰：「與公同盟，志獎王室，仰憑威力，庶雪國家之恥。若兒書密達，亦終不以一子之故負公忘義也。」匹磾雅重琨，初無害琨志，將聽還屯。其中弟叔軍好學有智謀，爲匹磾所信，謂匹磾曰：「吾胡夷耳，所以能服晉人者，畏吾眾也。今我骨肉構禍，是其良圖之日，若有奉琨以起，吾族盡矣。」匹磾遂留琨。琨之庶長子遵懼誅，與琨左長史楊橋、并州治中如綏閉門自守。匹磾諭之不得，因縱兵攻之。琨將龍季猛迫於乏食，遂斬橋、綏而降。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
Pidi quickly had Liu Kun arrested. Liu Kun's son, Liu Zun (劉遵), upon hearing his father's arrest, mounted a defence in his camp but was defeated by Pidi. Two of Liu Kun's generals, Pilü Song (辟閭嵩) and Han Ju (韓據), also planned to retaliate, but Pidi had the conspirators executed after their plot leaked. On 22 June, through the consent of Sima Rui's commander, Wang Dun, Pidi claimed that he had received an imperial edict to arrest Liu Kun and subsequently executed him along with his four sons and nephews via strangulation.(然琨既忠於晉室，素有重望，被拘經月，遠近憤歎。匹磾所署代郡太守辟閭嵩，與琨所署雁門太守王據、後將軍韓據連謀，密作攻具，欲以襲匹磾。而韓據女爲匹磾兒妾，聞其謀而告之匹磾，於是執王據、辟閭嵩及其徒黨悉誅之。會王敦密使匹磾殺琨，匹磾又懼眾反己，遂稱有詔收琨。初，琨聞敦使到，謂其子曰：「處仲使來而不我告，是殺我也。死生有命，但恨仇恥不雪，無以下見二親耳。」因歔欷不能自勝。匹磾遂縊之，時年四十八。子侄四人俱被害。朝廷以匹磾尚強，當爲國討石勒，不舉琨哀。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
Although Liu Kun had long helped the Jin in attempting to restore its authority in the north, Sima Rui refused to punish Pidi and forbid anyone from mourning Liu Kun, as Rui and most of the court saw Pidi as a powerful and valuable asset. Despite Sima Rui's leniency, Pidi had underestimated Liu Kun's popularity, and the breaking of his oath caused many of the Han Chinese and tribal people to lose their trust in Pidi.(悅，林之曾孫也。朝廷以匹磾尚強，冀其能平河朔，乃不爲琨舉哀。溫嶠表「琨盡忠帝室，家破身亡，宜在褒恤；」廬諶、崔悅因末柸使者，亦上表爲琨訟冤。後數歲，乃贈琨太尉、侍中，諡曰愍。於是夷、晉以琨死，皆不附匹磾。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 90
Fighting continued into 321. Shi Hu attacked Pidi at Yanci again, while Kong Chang occupied the inner cities. Duan Wenyang volunteered himself to lead a daring charge with his cavalry to drive back the invaders. Wenyang fought and killed dozens of Shi Hu's soldiers. Supposedly, even after his horse had collapsed, Wenyang fought with his spear, and when his spear snapped, he fought with his blade. This lasted for a day but Wenyang was eventually captured by Shi Hu. His capture lowered the morale of the city's defenders.(又令文鴦北討末杯弟于薊城，及還，去城八十里，聞續已沒，眾懼而散，復為石季龍所遮，文鴦以其親兵數百人力戰破之，始得入城。季龍復抄城下，文鴦登城臨見，欲出擊之，匹磾不許。文鴦曰：「我以勇聞，故百姓杖我。見人被略而不救，非丈夫也。令眾失望，誰復為我致死乎！」遂將壯士數十騎出戰，殺胡甚多。遇馬乏，伏不能起。季龍呼曰：「大兄與我俱是戎狄，久望共同。天不違願，今日相見，何故復戰？請釋杖。」文鴦罵曰：「汝為寇虐，久應合死，吾兄不用吾計，故令汝得至此，吾寧死，不為汝擒。」遂下馬苦戰，槊折，執刀力戰不已。季龍軍四面解馬羅披自鄣，前捉文鴦。文鴦戰自辰至申，力極而後被執。城內大懼。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
Despite Shi Le's favour, Pidi remained loyal to the Jin. Pidi often dressed himself in clothing used in the Jin court and held the imperial staff of authority that Sima Rui gave him. Shi Le was worried that Pidi's attitude foreboded a future revolt. After some time, Shi Le had Pidi put to death along with Wenyang and Shao Xu.(勒及季龍素與匹磾結為兄弟，季龍起而拜之。匹磾到襄國，又不為勒禮，常著朝服，持晉節。經年，國中謀推匹磾為主，事露，被害。文鴦亦遇鴆而死，惟末波存焉。及死，弟牙立。牙死，其後從祖就陸眷之孫遼立。) Book of Jin, Volume 63
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